考虑儿童运动特性的小学教学楼楼梯间人员疏散研究

为研究小学教学楼楼梯间人员运动行为以及影响人员疏散的因素，开展人员疏散实验并构建疏散模拟场景。基于疏散实验研究不同实验场景的出口流量和人员运动速度，通过疏散仿真模拟，分析不同人员运动速度、人员数量及疏散策略对疏散的影响。结果表明:排队下楼的人员运动速度比紧急疏散人员低22.7%，自由上楼人员运动速度比排队上楼人员高8%；人员总疏散时间随人员运动速度的增加而降低，但总疏散时间随速度增加而降低的幅度变小；加入分层疏散策略会增加人群疏散总时间，但整个疏散过程人员分布均匀，在建筑瓶颈不易产生人员过度拥挤现象，因而在疏散过程中应适当采用分层疏散策略。     

基于改进模体方法的国家应急组织合作网络基元比较

为分析和比较应对非常规突发事件过程中，由不同类型组织个体及其不同频次合作关系构成的应急复杂组织网络的微观结构特征，研究运用表征个体差异和关系强弱的改进模体分析方法，以中国和美国国家应急组织合作网络为例，比较分析其基元同构与异构特征。结果表明:中美应急组织系统不同类型的应急主导和支持组织构成的主要合作模式具有同构性，但子图结构数量分布具有异构性；考虑个体间关系频次差异，中美应急组织网络基元合作模式具有形式同构但相对数量分布异构的特征；比较而言，美国合作网络为分布式、分权化和关系型基元构型，中国合作网络具有集中式、集权化和契约型基元特征。     

侧向风速作用下聚氨酯泡沫双火源火蔓延研究

为探究环境风作用下逆向双点火源聚氨酯泡沫火蔓延及融合行为，开展多组对照实验并从材料传热机理角度分析侧向风速对火蔓延行为中火羽流形态、质量损失和辐射热流场等特征参数的影响。结果表明:风速与上述参数之间存在非线性关系。环境风效应使火焰被拉长且敷贴于预热区表面，增大预热区面积和热反馈；侧向风速的增加对FPU板材质量损失的影响逐渐弱化，且板材的熔滴率与风速呈正相关；无论侧向风是否存在，两侧逆向火焰融合后均达到整个蔓延过程中的峰值温度；风速的存在限制了火焰温度与辐射热通量峰值，也缩短了温度和辐射峰值出现的时间。     

高层公寓式住宅建筑电梯协同楼梯疏散策略研究

为探索高层建筑利用电梯协同楼梯疏散以提高疏散效率的可行性，基于现有的电梯协同楼梯疏散研究成果，运用Pathfinder构建某高层住宅建筑实例模型，研究楼层总数及电梯数量对电梯最佳停靠层的影响，提出2个电梯协同楼梯的疏散策略，并对策略进行优化分析。结果表明:电梯最佳停靠层随楼层总数的增加，呈现“平台阶变”的特征和线性增加的趋势，但随楼层总数的增加，最佳疏散层在“平台阶变”后会更加远离顶层；策略1（顶层优先策略）下因存在最佳分离楼层使得该策略下的总疏散时间最短，策略2（分段顶层优先策略）可有效提高电梯利用率，通过对策略2下的人员使用电梯比例进行控制，可进一步提高疏散效率，该优化策略可将总疏散时间从仅楼梯无电梯疏散的804 s缩短到580 s，使疏散效率提升27.9%。     

Gender differences in public office workers’ satisfaction,subjective symptoms and musculoskeletal complaints in workplace and office environments

This study investigates differences between male and female public office workers’ satisfaction levels, sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms and musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) complaints in workplace and office environments. Questionnaire surveys were performed in 30 offices from 15 public institutions. Male and female workers of the same age were coupled and selected from each office, gathering a total of 120 male and 120 female subjects. The results show that differences exist between genders in noise and lighting satisfaction levels, SBS-related symptoms (eye, nose, skin) and MSD complaints of hand/wrist/finger, while there is no difference in overall satisfaction level of office environments. The study also suggests that office design for public office workers should take into account gender differences in preventing MSDs and also SBS. The findings of this study are expected to serve as basic data for designing effective public office environments.     

Proposing of new building scheme and composite towards global warming mitigation for Malaysia

The building sector has been regarded as a potential sector where there is large capacity to reduce the climate change effect. This study has proposed solutions to mitigate environmental impacts and achieve low CO₂ emission from residential sector. Therefore, full life cycle assessment (LCA) has been run to assess the CO₂ emission and its effect on the atmosphere and climate change. Based on the result, timber scheme is the best choice due to releasing less CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere. However, house builders in Malaysia have almost completely neglected timber as a building material, with timber use as building components reduced to 5%. In this study, LCA Software was used to assess CO₂ emissions from different wall construction. The alternative building scheme has been made by reinforce steel stud, wooden beam and timber wall (S8) to improve the scheme deficiency while releasing less CO₂ emissions compared to other schemes. Therefore, S8 has a decreased CO₂ effect by 85% less than precast concrete frame and 90% less than brick over their lifetime. (S8) increased the load bearing compared to conventional timber beam. Thus, new scheme S8 could be replaced by current scheme and promote more adjustable scheme for Malaysian housing.     

Capacity building for food justice in England: the contribution of charity-led community food initiatives

This paper discusses the extent to which charity-led initiatives can contribute to capacity building for food justice in England. The paper draws on evaluations of two projects run by the charity Garden Organic: the Master Gardener Programme, operating a network of volunteers who mentor households, schools and community groups to support local food growing, and the Sowing New Seeds programme, which engages “Seed Stewards” to work with communities to encourage the growing and cooking of “exotic” crops. Based on qualitative data about peoples’ motivations for participation and the benefits that are experienced, we interpret these projects as examples of capacity building for food justice. We suggest that whilst currently depoliticised, the “quiet” process of reskilling and awareness raising that occurs through shared gardening projects could have transformative potential for people’s relationship with food. Finally, we use our findings to raise critical questions and propose future research about food justice concepts and practices.     

国外建筑废弃物循环利用的经验及对我国的启示

伴随着建筑废弃物产生量的迅速增长,建筑废弃物循环利用已成为循环经济发展的重点领域。从完善的法律法规、深度循环利用方式和产业化发展等方面,对国外发达国家废弃物循环利用的经验和做法加以总结和提升,并结合我国实际,提出建立健全我国建筑废弃物法律法规体系、构筑多级循环利用模式和培育废弃物利用产业体系的几点启示,以期为我国相关部门制定建筑废弃物的相关政策制度、提高建筑废弃物的循环再利用水平提供参考和依据。     

大空间建筑烟气填充研究方法的对比

为了对大空间建筑烟气填充研究方法进行对比分析。以一个废弃的大空间仓库为研究对象,采用了全尺寸火灾实验、计算机数值模拟和理论分析相互应用验证的研究方法,研究理论及数值模拟两种火灾烟气层高度的描述方法的准确性。结果表明当采用t2火模型时,在与现实的吻合程度方面,数值模拟〉Zukoski理论模型〉Yamana-Tanaka理论模型;随着火灾的不断发展,相对误差逐渐增大。通过对比分析发现,全尺寸实验、理论模型和数值模拟三种方法相互验证可以更好地保证研究的准确性;总结得到了两种与现实较吻合的描述烟气层高度的理论方法,并且提出减小误差应注意的几点事项,包括尽可能提高火源热释放速率、烟气层温度描述的准确性;不考虑火源热量通过建筑边界结构散失等。     

国家环境保护模范城市现状分析及展望

改革开放以来,在我国经济快速发展的同时,产生了巨大的环境问题,为此,原国家环保总局审时度势,开展了创建国家环境保护模范城市的活动。本文对“创模”考核指标的调整情况进行概括,从总体情况、所属行政区、所属行政区级别、面积4个方面对目前“环保模范”城市状况进行了深入地分析,并对日后的“创模”工作进行了展望。